Images

The video below goes through the basics of annotating images in the Label Editor.

Encord provides comprehensive support for image annotation. With the image editor, you can:

Label using any annotation type such as bounding boxes, rotatable boxes, polygons, polylines, keypoints, and primitives.
Create frame-level & object classifications.
Object detection and instance segmentation.
Reduce manual annotations with automation (e.g., importing model predictions) features.

Task Management

Before we get into the details of the label editor and making annotations, a quick note about scheduling annotation work. Annotation is done in the annotation phase of the task management system. In order to ensure annotation work is saved properly, it's crucial that each labeling task is properly assigned to an annotator, annotators always access the task through the Queue tab in the Task Management System, and only the assigned annotator works on any given task at any given time.

Annotation types

Objects are annotated using bounding boxes, polygons, polylines, keypoints or primitives. Frames are annotated using classifications. Instantiating objects or classifications in the image editor generates a UUID that uniquely identifies that label in the frame.

Labels can be assigned with static classifications as defined in the specified ontology. Static classifications define the global properties of an object (e.g., the butterfly is of type red admiral and is orange).

You can read more about automation for image annotation here.

Bounding box

Creating a bounding box requires an ontology with a bounding box annotation type. Instantiate a new bounding box label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu, or by using the specified hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

Bounding box labels can be assigned with static classifications should they be defined in your ontology:

Highlight an object by clicking on it in the editor canvas or by clicking on the Plus icon or start/end frame in the range overview for the specified bounding box
Assign a classifications by clicking on the relevant buttons or using the set hotkeys (e.g., q, u).

Rotatable box

Traditional bounding boxes are great for annotating objects that appear in horizontal or vertical orientation, however, their accuracy may be limited when it comes to annotating objects at an angle. In such cases, use rotatable boxes to produce more accurate annotations.

Creating a rotatable bounding box requires an ontology with a rotatable box annotation type.Instantiate a new rotatable box label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified hotkey. Resize rotatable boxes like normal bounding boxes, and then grab the rotation handle to adjust the position until you're satisfied with the annotation's accuracy, as below.

Rotatable boxes can be assigned static classifications should they be defined in your ontology,
and you can export the labels as usual.

Polygon

Polygons are often necessary if you want to train your applications on the tightest object boundaries. Creating a
polygon requires an ontology with a polygon annotation type. Enable or disable free-hand drawing mode by pressing d on your keyboard. Polygon coarseness for polygons drawn free-hand is set in the 'Settings' drawer in the Drawing settings drop-down. Instantiate a new polygon label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

A polygon can be closed by double-clicking anywhere on the canvas. Doing so will "snap" creating an edge between the last vertex to the first vertex drawn.

Polygon labels can be assigned static classifications should they be defined in your ontology:

Highlight an object by clicking on it in the editor canvas or by clicking on the + icon or start/end frame in the range overview for the specified polygon
Assign a classifications by clicking on the relevant buttons or using the set hotkeys (e.g., q, u)

Here's an illustration of an image containing polygon and polyline objects.

Polyline

Creating a polyline requires an ontology with a polyline annotation type. Enable or disable free-hand drawing mode by pressing d on your keyboard. Polyline coarseness for polylines drawn free-hand is set in the 'Settings' drawer in the Drawing settings drop-down. Instantiate a new polyline label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

When free-hand drawing is off, each click of the mouse will place a point of the polyline. A polyline requires a minimum of two points. Double-click anywhere on the canvas to finish drawing the polyline. Note however, that the location of the double-click does not create a point or affect the geometry of the polyline in any way. If you've only created one point prior to double-clicking, the polyline will not be created and your polyline about to be created will be canceled. Ensure you single-click at least twice to create at least two separate points, then double-click to finish drawing the polyline.

Polyline labels can be assigned with static classifications should they be defined in your ontology:

Highlight an object by clicking on it in the editor canvas or by clicking on the Plus icon or start/end frame in the range overview for the specified polyline
Assign a classification by clicking on the relevant buttons or using the set hotkeys (e.g., q, u)

Keypoint

Creating a keypoint requires an ontology with a keypoint annotation type. Instantiate a new keypoint label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified
hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

Keypoints labels can be assigned with static classifications should they be defined in your ontology:

Highlight an object by clicking on it in the editor canvas or by clicking on the Plus icon or start/end frame in the range overview for the specified keypoint
Assign classifications by clicking on the relevant buttons or using the set hotkeys (e.g., q, u)

Primitives

Creating a primitive (f.k.a. skeleton templates) requires an ontology with a primitive annotation
type. Use primitives to templatize shapes (e.g., 3D cuboids, pose estimation skeletons) commonly
used by your annotation team.

Instantiate a new primitive label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

Object primitives allow you to define properties of edges defined in your template as visible, occluded, or invisible. Toggle the edge property settings for a primitive by highlighting the primitive and clicking the Show controls button.

Primitive labels can be assigned with static classifications should they be defined in your ontology:

Highlight an object by clicking on it in the editor canvas or by clicking on the Plus icon or start/end frame in the range overview for the specified primitive
Assign classifications by clicking on the relevant buttons or using the set hotkeys (e.g., q, u)

Segmentation masks / Bitmasks

Bitmasks allows you to create labels using a brush tool to select parts of an image. This can be useful when creating labels for vessel outlines, or labelling topologically separate regions belonging to the same frame classification.

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Note

Creating a mask segmentation requires an Ontology with the Bitmask annotation type.

When you initially create a bitmask, the process of bitmask creation does not stop until you press the ESC key. This means that you can create bitmask labels that are connected without any extra effort.

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Tip
Existing Bitmask labels can be updated using the brush tool, threshold brush, and eraser tools.

Brush tool

When you select your bitmask annotation type, the brush tool will be selected by default. You can adjust the size of the Bitmask brush tool using the slider in the Bitmask popup, as seen in the screenshot above.

The brush tool can be selected by clicking the icon, or by hitting f on your keyboard while the popup is open.

When your label is ready, click Apply label, or press Enter.

Panoptic mode

Panoptic settings allow you to determine how different bitmasks interact with one another.

None: Overlapping bitmasks are allowed. The bitmask will overlap with existing bitmasks.
Exclude: Areas already covered by a bitmask will be excluded from the bitmask.
Overwrite: Areas already covered by a bitmask will be overwritten by the new bitmask.

Thresholding

The Thresholding tool enables you to set a threshold that determines the parts of the image or frame that is labeled by the Bitmask. Consequently, only the parts of the image falling within th predefined range are labeled upon selection with the Thresholding tool, ensuring precise and targeted labeling.

When Thresholding is enabled, a mask covering the parts of the image that fall above the set threshold appears on the slice. This allows you to preview which parts of the image are labeled when a Bitmask label is applied. The mask color can be changed by clicking the icon.

The eyedropper tool enables you to pick a color or intensity value directly from the image.

Three different kinds of threshold can be selected using a dropdown:

Intensity: Only pixels within the set intensity value range are labeled.
RGB: Only pixels within the set red, green, and blue range are labeled. The range for each color can be set separately.
HSV: Only pixels within the set hue, saturation, and value range are labeled.

When your label is ready, click Apply label, or press Enter.

Eraser

The Eraser tool allows you to erase parts, or the entirety of your Bitmask selection if the Apply label button has not been clicked yet.

To select the threshold brush, click the icon, or press h on your keyboard while the popup is open.

Combine bitmasks on an image/frame

Combining bitmasks on an image or frame allows you to label objects that are split/separated in the image/video frame.

When you initially create a bitmask, the process of bitmask creation does not stop until you press the ESC key. This means that you can create bitmask labels that are connected without any extra effort.

To combine two or more bitmasks on an image / video frame:

Hold SHIFT.
Click the bitmasks you want to combine in the Label Editor workspace.
Right-click (on Mac press Cmd).
A menu appears.
Select Combine bitmasks into.
The bitmasks are now a single bitmask.

Bitmask overlap management

It is possible to prevent a Bitmask label from being overlapped by subsequent Bitmasks after the label is created. Use the toggle in the Labels section of the Label Editor to set the overlap behavior.

Choose between the following settings:

**Can be drawn over** - if drawn over, any part of the image beneath the existing bitmask that falls within the specified threshold range will be included in the next label.
Cannot be drawn over - no part of the image covered by this bitmask is included in any other bitmask labels.
Must be drawn over - if drawn over, any part of the bitmask label is included in the new bitmask, regardless of threshold values set.

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Note
The Must be drawn over setting for Bitmask overlap is only available to select customers. Contact [email protected] for more information.

Updating bitmask labels

To update a bitmask label:

Click the bitmask label you want to edit.
Select either the brush, threshold brush, or eraser tool and make your changes.
Press Enter or click the button in the bitmask popup.

Moving bitmasks

Bitmask labels can be moved to another location after being created.

Click the bitmask label you want to move.
Click and drag the bitmask to the desired location.
Release the bitmask to confirm the new location.

Frame classification

Creating frame classification(s) requires an ontology with a classification annotation type. Frame-level classifications consider the frame as a whole, not any given object's localization. Instantiate a frame-level classification label by clicking on the specified class in the 'Classes' menu or using the specified hotkey (e.g., 1, 2, 3).

Encord currently supports radio, checklist, and free-form text input classification types. Edit existing classification labels by clicking on the + icon for the specified label.

1. Create a frame classification from ontology 2. Edit a classification

Linking object instances

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Note
Object instances are linked using Relation attributes, which are set up in the Ontology. See our documentation on Relation attributes to learn more.

Create both instance labels. In this example a chicken and its wing have been labeled using bounding boxes.
Click the Edit classifications button for the object with the Relation attribute. In the example this object is the wing, as seen below.

Click the Set relation... bar and select the instance you want to link the selected instance to. In our example the chicken and the wing appear on the same frame, and therefore appear under the This frame heading. Instances in different frames will appear under the heading Rest.

Click Done. The instances are now linked. This is shown in the Instance labels section with the name of the linked instance being displayed.

Automation

Import model predictions

Encord's Python SDK & APIs allow you to import model predictions programmatically. Importing model predictions helps to pre-annotate your data to save annotation costs.

Automated labeling

Encord's Apollo allows you to build models for automated data labeling.

Please see our documentation on models here.

Images

Task Management